Abnormal neuronal activity during epileptic seizures alters the properties of synaptic plasticity, and, consequently, leads to cognitive impairment. The molecular mechanism of these alterations in synaptic plasticity is still unclear. In the present study, using a 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) in vitro model, we demonstrated that epileptiform activity in rat hippocampal slices initially causes substantial enhancement of field excitatory postsynaptic potential amplitude. However, the potentiation of CA3-CA1 synapses was temporary and switched to long-term depression (LTD) within an hour. Previous studies showed that transient incorporation of calcium-permeable AMPA receptors (CP-AMPARs) is crucial for the consolidation of long-term potentiation (LTP). We confirmed that, in normal conditions, the blockage of CP-AMPARs prevented the consolidation of LTP induced by theta-burst stimulation (TBS). In contrast, the blockage of CP-AMPARs preserved synaptic potentiation induced by epileptiform activity. One hour after a period of epileptiform activity in the hippocampal slices, synaptic plasticity was substantially altered, and the TBS protocol was unable to produce LTP. Moreover, if CP-AMPARs were blocked, the TBS protocol induced LTD. Our results indicate that CP-AMPARs play an essential role in the molecular mechanism of the disturbances of synaptic plasticity caused by epileptiform activity.